Difference between revisions of "SPACE$"

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The '''SPACE$''' function is used to insert a specified [[INTEGER]] number of spaces into a [[STRING]] value or variable.
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The {{KW|SPACE$}} function returns a {{KW|STRING}} consisting of a number of space characters.
  
  
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{{PageSyntax}}
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:''result$'' = '''SPACE$({{Parameter|count&}})'''
  
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''Syntax:'' SPACE$(number_of_spaces%)
 
  
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{{Parameters}}
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* {{Parameter|count&}} is the number of space characters to repeat. Cannot use negative values!
  
  
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* Can be used in any string value using the + concatenation operator.
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''Usage:''
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* Semicolons or + can be used in a screen [[PRINT]] or [[PRINT (file statement)]].
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* Semicolons can be used to combine spaces with text [[STRING]] or numerical values.
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* [[Concatenation]] using + can be used to combine [[STRING]] text values only.
 
* Spaces are often used to erase previous text PRINTs from the screen.
 
* Spaces are often used to erase previous text PRINTs from the screen.
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* The function result can also be used to [[GET]] and [[PUT]] a number of bytes as zero characters: bytes$ = SPACE$(numbytes)
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* Spaces can also be made using [[SPC]], [[CHR$]](32) or [[STRING$]](n%, 32).
  
  
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''Differences between QB64 and QB 4.5:''
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* '''QB64''' can use [[LONG]] values for count up to 2,147,483,647 while '''QB 4.5''' could only use [[INTEGER]] values up to 32,767.
  
  
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''See also:'' [[STRING$]], [[SPC]], [[TAB]]
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''Example 1:'' How to space text in a [[PRINT]] statement using SPACE$ with string [[concatenation]].
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{{CodeStart}} '' ''
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{{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} count% = 0 {{Cl|FOR...NEXT|TO}} 3
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    {{Cl|PRINT}} "abc" + {{Cl|SPACE$}}( count% ) + "def"
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{{Cl|FOR...NEXT|NEXT}} count%
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{{CodeEnd}}
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{{OutputStart}}abcdef
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abc def
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abc  def
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abc  def
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{{OutputEnd}}
  
  
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''Example 2:'' In [[SCREEN]] 0 SPACE$ can be used to change the background color to make an American flag.
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{{CodeStart}}
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USA flag centered on screen with thin horizontal red & white stripes
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' blue corner field with randomly twinkling stars
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{{Cl|CLS}}
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{{Cl|LOCATE}} 25, 1
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{{Cl|PRINT}} "Press any key to stop twinkling";
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{{Cl|COLOR}} , 4
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z = 15
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{{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} x = 5 {{Cl|TO}} 19          '13 red & white stripes (x =5 to 21 for 15 stripes)
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    {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} z = 15 {{Cl|THEN}} z = 4 {{Cl|ELSE}} z = 15
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    {{Cl|COLOR}} , z
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    {{Cl|LOCATE}} x, 15
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    {{Cl|PRINT}} {{Cl|SPACE$}}(55)
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{{Cl|NEXT}} x
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{{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} x = 5 {{Cl|TO}} 11          'blue field in upper left quadrant (x = 5 to 13 to hold all 50 stars)
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    {{Cl|COLOR}} 15, 1            'sits above 4th white stripe
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    {{Cl|LOCATE}} x, 15
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    {{Cl|PRINT}} {{Cl|SPACE$}}(23)
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{{Cl|NEXT}} x
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DO
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    stop$ = {{Cl|INKEY$}}
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    {{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} x = 5 {{Cl|TO}} 10 {{Cl|STEP}} 2  '39 stars staggered across blue field (50 stars if x = 5 to 12)
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        w = 16
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        {{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} y = 1 {{Cl|TO}} 6      '5 rows of 6 stars
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            r = {{Cl|INT}}({{Cl|RND}} * 6)
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            {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} r = 0 {{Cl|THEN}} z = 31 {{Cl|ELSE}} z = 15
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            {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} stop$ = "" {{Cl|THEN}} {{Cl|COLOR}} z {{Cl|ELSE}} {{Cl|COLOR}} 15
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            {{Cl|LOCATE}} x, w
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            w = w + 4
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            {{Cl|PRINT}} "*";
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        {{Cl|NEXT}} y
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        w = 18
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        {{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} y = 1 {{Cl|TO}} 5      '5 rows of 5 stars
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            r = {{Cl|INT}}({{Cl|RND}} * 6)
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            {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} r = 0 {{Cl|THEN}} z = 31 {{Cl|ELSE}} z = 15
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            {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} stop$ = "" {{Cl|THEN}} {{Cl|COLOR}} z {{Cl|ELSE}} {{Cl|COLOR}} 15
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            {{Cl|LOCATE}} x + 1, w
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            w = w + 4
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            {{Cl|PRINT}} "*";
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        {{Cl|NEXT}} y
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    {{Cl|NEXT}} x
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    w = 16
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    {{Cl|FOR...NEXT|FOR}} y = 1 {{Cl|TO}} 6          '1 row of 6 stars
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            r = {{Cl|INT}}({{Cl|RND}} * 6)
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            {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} r = 0 {{Cl|THEN}} z = 31 {{Cl|ELSE}} z = 15
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        {{Cl|IF...THEN|IF}} stop$ = "" {{Cl|THEN}} {{Cl|COLOR}} z {{Cl|ELSE}} {{Cl|COLOR}} 15
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        {{Cl|LOCATE}} x, w
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        w = w + 4
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        {{Cl|PRINT}} "*";
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    {{Cl|NEXT}} y
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    t = {{Cl|TIMER}}
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    {{Cl|DO...LOOP|DO}} {{Cl|WHILE}} t + .2 >= {{Cl|TIMER}}: {{Cl|LOOP}}
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{{Cl|LOOP}} {{Cl|WHILE}} stop$ = ""
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{{Cl|COLOR}} 7, 0
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{{Cl|END}}
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{{CodeEnd}}{{small|Code by Solitaire}}
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:''Explanation:'' In [[SCREEN]] 0, the background color is only placed with the the printed text and spaces. [[CLS]] can color the entire screen.
  
  
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==Navigation:==
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{{PageSeeAlso}}
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* [[PRINT]], [[PRINT USING]]
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* [[STRING$]], [[CLS]]
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* [[SPC]], [[TAB]]
  
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[[Keyword_Reference_-_Alphabetical|Go to Keyword Reference - Alphabetical]]
 
  
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[[Keyword Reference - By usage|Go to Keyword Reference - By usage]]
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{{PageNavigation}}

Latest revision as of 03:24, 21 July 2013

The SPACE$ function returns a STRING consisting of a number of space characters.


Syntax

result$ = SPACE$(count&)


Parameters

  • count& is the number of space characters to repeat. Cannot use negative values!


Usage:

  • Semicolons can be used to combine spaces with text STRING or numerical values.
  • Concatenation using + can be used to combine STRING text values only.
  • Spaces are often used to erase previous text PRINTs from the screen.
  • The function result can also be used to GET and PUT a number of bytes as zero characters: bytes$ = SPACE$(numbytes)
  • Spaces can also be made using SPC, CHR$(32) or STRING$(n%, 32).


Differences between QB64 and QB 4.5:

  • QB64 can use LONG values for count up to 2,147,483,647 while QB 4.5 could only use INTEGER values up to 32,767.


Example 1: How to space text in a PRINT statement using SPACE$ with string concatenation.

FOR count% = 0 TO 3 PRINT "abc" + SPACE$( count% ) + "def" NEXT count%

abcdef abc def abc def abc def


Example 2: In SCREEN 0 SPACE$ can be used to change the background color to make an American flag.

USA flag centered on screen with thin horizontal red & white stripes ' blue corner field with randomly twinkling stars CLS LOCATE 25, 1 PRINT "Press any key to stop twinkling"; COLOR , 4 z = 15 FOR x = 5 TO 19 '13 red & white stripes (x =5 to 21 for 15 stripes) IF z = 15 THEN z = 4 ELSE z = 15 COLOR , z LOCATE x, 15 PRINT SPACE$(55) NEXT x FOR x = 5 TO 11 'blue field in upper left quadrant (x = 5 to 13 to hold all 50 stars) COLOR 15, 1 'sits above 4th white stripe LOCATE x, 15 PRINT SPACE$(23) NEXT x DO stop$ = INKEY$ FOR x = 5 TO 10 STEP 2 '39 stars staggered across blue field (50 stars if x = 5 to 12) w = 16 FOR y = 1 TO 6 '5 rows of 6 stars r = INT(RND * 6) IF r = 0 THEN z = 31 ELSE z = 15 IF stop$ = "" THEN COLOR z ELSE COLOR 15 LOCATE x, w w = w + 4 PRINT "*"; NEXT y w = 18 FOR y = 1 TO 5 '5 rows of 5 stars r = INT(RND * 6) IF r = 0 THEN z = 31 ELSE z = 15 IF stop$ = "" THEN COLOR z ELSE COLOR 15 LOCATE x + 1, w w = w + 4 PRINT "*"; NEXT y NEXT x w = 16 FOR y = 1 TO 6 '1 row of 6 stars r = INT(RND * 6) IF r = 0 THEN z = 31 ELSE z = 15 IF stop$ = "" THEN COLOR z ELSE COLOR 15 LOCATE x, w w = w + 4 PRINT "*"; NEXT y t = TIMER DO WHILE t + .2 >= TIMER: LOOP LOOP WHILE stop$ = "" COLOR 7, 0 END

Code by Solitaire
Explanation: In SCREEN 0, the background color is only placed with the the printed text and spaces. CLS can color the entire screen.


See also


Navigation:
Go to Keyword Reference - Alphabetical
Go to Keyword Reference - By usage
Go to Main WIKI Page
Retrieved from "http://www.qb64.org/wiki/index.php?title=SPACE$&oldid=19439"